Freedom of the Seas and Human Rights Protection
About
The project explores how freedom of the seas affects protection of human rights at sea.
From Aeneas, to the pilgrims of the Mayflower, to the thousands of people who use the Mediterranean and other routes for migration, the free seas have been the means for trying to reach safety and protection. However, freedom of the seas has also underpinned colonial domination and the slave trade, in the Atlantic Ocean and other seas. Today, freedom of the seas, coupled with practices such as flags of convenience, bunkering and transshipment, often means impunity for all those who breach the human rights of people at sea on a daily basis.
Having recourse at a combination of historical, critical and contemporary perspectives, the project will achieve three main aims:
- To trace and critically assess the interaction between the genesis and development of the principle of freedom of the seas and its impact on people, including legacy of colonial domination and the slave trade;
- To analyse the emancipatory potential of freedom of the seas for individuals, going beyond sectorial approach (e.g. migration or piracy) and adopting a holistic outlook on human activities at sea;
- And to offer a conceptual framework for reconstructing this principle to align with the modern aims of the international community concerning protection and fulfilment of human rights for all people, including those at sea.
The project is closely related to the activities of the SOAS Centre for the Study of Colonialism, Empire and International Law and of the SOAS Centre for Human Rights Law.
Activities
First Workshop
On 7 February 2025, a workshop brought together leading experts and emerging young scholars to debate the relationship between freedom of the seas and individual freedom in a historical perspective. A selected group of scholars with a background in history and legal history explored various aspects of the relationship between freedom of the seas and individual freedom, focusing on the XV-XIX centuries.
First Workshop Call for papers
Second Workshop
Building on the results of the first historical workshop organised as part of the project, the second workshop will address freedom of the seas and its relationship to human freedom from multiple critical perspectives. What is the relationship between the sea, humans, and freedom? Is freedom of the seas strengthening human freedom, or is it curtailing it? These are the foundational questions that guide this call, aimed at selecting papers to be presented and discussed at a 1-day, in-person workshop, organised at SOAS on 21st May 2026. The workshop is jointly organised by Professor Irini Papanicolopulu (SOAS), Professor Gina Heathcote (Newcastle University), and Dr Matilde Rocca (SOAS).
The Call for papers is currently open and we welcome proposals that address the concept from any critical theoretical standpoints, including, but not limited to, TWAIL (Third World Approaches to International Law), feminist theory, Marxist critique and post-humanist perspectives. We particularly encourage papers from young scholars based in the Global South.
Second Workshop Call for papers
Meet the people
- Professor Irini Papanicolopulu, British Academy Global Professor of International Law
- Dr Andrea Longo
- Dr Matilde Rocca, Postdoctoral Researcher in International Law
Contact
For further information, please contact Irini Papanicolopulu at ip14@soas.ac.uk or Matilde Rocca at mr1@soas.ac.uk
Funding
The project is funded through the British Academy Global Professorship scheme, awarded to Professor Irini Papanicolopulu in 2022. It will run for 4 years, from 2023 to 2027